National Park NFTs Raise Concerns Over Environmental Impact

Published January 25, 2022 08:27PM

Non-fungible tokens, or NFTs, have gone from a curiosity to a $40 billion market, with tokens from collections like CryptoPunks and Bored Ape Yacht Club becoming online status symbols. Now a new project is set to release 4,825 NFTs based on the United States’ national parks on January 30. The sellers of these National Parks NFTs – which are not associated with the U.S. National Parks Service – say they’ll encourage outdoor stewardship and even promise to make a donation to the National Parks Foundation, but some environmental activists cry foul over the project’s carbon footprint.

Owners of the national parks NFTs won’t just get bragging rights; they’ll also receive access to exclusive events and experiences. Creator Mick Gow says the tokens will function as a “membership card to a club for outdoor enthusiasts.” To the public, the cost of a National Park NFT is currently set at 0.07 ether (about $173 as of January 24), with no expiration date. As long as owners don’t resell their NFT, their membership is valid. If they do sell, the privileges pass on to whoever buys the NFT.

Being able to participate in niche park experiences like climbing or backpacking with a guide may be reason enough for some outdoor recreation enthusiasts to invest. But the project has its detractors. National Park NFTs are currently reliant on Ethereum, which is both one of the most popular blockchains and among the least environmentally friendly. With greener alternatives available, that’s raising a lot of eyebrows.

While blockchain technologies are constantly evolving, Fortune estimated last July that a single Ethereum transaction was equivalent to using five days of electricity in the standard US home. At the time, up to 1.1 million Ethereum transactions took place every day, substantially more than other blockchains.

Gow says that, after the first NFTs are minted, he plans to donate 10 percent of the proceeds to the National Parks Foundation. Switching to a carbon-neutral blockchain down the road is on the table, too.

“We are doing our best to look at the big picture of our project and what it can contribute to the parks and environment long-term,” Gow says. “If we’re successful and leading the NFT space in bringing together communities, then we will be extremely successful in creating new streams of donations for the parks and other charities we work with.”

But that’s just not enough of a promise for Kyle McDonald, an artist and environmental advocate who specializes in NFTs. The impact is just too high.

“Right now the Ethereum network relies on millions of computers running full power 24/7 in order to support around 14 transactions per second (depending how you count),” McDonald says.

McDonald’s research shows that a service like Facebook utilizes about a third as much energy as the Ethereum network. Think of the resulting emissions like this: Ethereum is responsible for about 2 times the amount of emissions of a standard coal plant. McDonald estimates that each transaction is responsible for around 17 kilograms of carbon dioxide — roughly the equivalent of a 41-mile trip in an average gas-burning car — but notes that researchers using other methodologies have come up with numbers as high as 115 kilograms.

There are other, less energy-intensive options besides Ethereum. One method would be to utilize the related Polygon blockchain, which McDonald calls “the smallest thing [National Parks NFTs] could do to show some concern.” But as McDonald explains, that wouldn’t fully solve the problem, because Polygon still depends on Ethereum.

“A better solution would be using a blockchain like Solana, which is low-energy and has no dependencies on Ethereum,” McDonald says. Solana is what’s called a proof-of-stake blockchain, meaning it uses a much less energy-intensive method to validate transactions as compared to proof-of-work blockchains like Ethereum. (Ethereum’s backers plan to switch to a proof of stake system at some point early this year, but there’s no firm date for the change.)

Gow remains hopeful about the National Park NFT’s ability to evolve through future iterations. And he expects the perks of the NFTs to attract enough support to fund more sustainable efforts. Whether it can win over skeptical outdoors enthusiasts is another question.

Creators of National Park NFTs Claim They're Concerned About the Environment – But Could They Harm More Than Help?